parole board. A governmental body that decides whether prisoners may be released from prison before completing their sentences. — Also termed board of parole; parole commission. [Cases: Pardon and Parole 55. C.J.S. Pardon and Parole §§ 45–47.]
parole board 假释委员会 １美国假释委员会〔parole commission〕的前身，由公民个人组成的负责审查是否准予或撤销假释的委员会。委员会成员由各州州长任命，无需特别考虑是否具备改造经验。该委员会有权从监狱记录、警察官员或监狱官员处获得有关犯人的资料，在决定是否准予或撤销假释时享有广泛的自由裁量权。审查是否准予假释的听审简易而相对不公开。预期假释犯享有很少的权利，在某些州没有聘请律师权甚至是出庭权。但在撤销假释前的听审中，假释犯享有获得事先通知和召集己方证人的权利；２英格兰及苏格兰的假释委员会，由法律界、宗教界及社会工作者组成。
parole commission 假释委员会 负责受理假释申请，审查决定是否准予假释或向主管机关建议假释的政府机构。在美国，假释委员会有联邦和州两套。联邦假释委员会九名成员由总统任命并经参议院批准。对于全美犯人，联邦假释委员会唯一有权签发、修改、撤销假释决定并对假释犯监督。该委员会还有权决定犯人出狱后是否有权担任某些职务或享受某些福利。州假释委员会成员由州长任命并经州议会批准。某些州的假释委员会称为「教养委员会」〔Correctional Boards〕。1987年开始依联邦《量刑指南》〔Sentencing Guidelines〕的规定，联邦假释事项逐步改由原审法官处理，不必再经由假释委员会决定。(→parole board)
board of pardons. A state agency, of which the governor is usu. a member, authorized to pardon persons convicted of crimes. [Cases: Pardon and Parole 55. 1.]
certificate of rehabilitation. 1. A document issued in some states by a court or other authorized governmental agency, such as a parole board, as evidence that a convicted offender is entitled to recover at least some of the rights and privileges of citizenship. • The terms and conditions under which certificates of rehabilitation are issued
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quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organization. A semipublic administrative body (esp. in the United Kingdom) having some members appointed and financed by, but not answerable to, the government, such as a tourist authority, a university-grants commission, a price-and-wage commission, a prison or parole board, or a medical-health advisory panel. • This term is more commonly written as an
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secret seven 〈美〉七个秘密机关 1978年《公共事业法》〔Common Cause〕确定的47个联邦机构中最严重违反《联邦阳光法》〔Federal Sunshine Law〕的七个机构。《联邦阳光法》规定所有联邦机构的会议必须向公众公开。这些机构是：１进出口银行〔Export-Import Bank〕;２国家劳资关系委员会〔National Labor Relations Board〕；３职业安全与健康复审委员会〔Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission〕;４美国假释委员会〔United States Parole Commission〕;５联邦储备委员会〔Federal Reserve Board〕;６商品期货交易委员会〔Commodity Futures Trading Commission〕和７联邦住宅贷款银行委员会〔Federal Home Loan Bank Board〕。
pardon n. 特赦；赦免 指宽恕罪犯的罪责、免除其全部刑罚、恢复其因犯罪被剥夺的权利和特权。在英国，由英王(或英女王)发布特赦令。在美国，对触犯联邦法律的罪犯，由总统决定特赦；触犯并非联邦法律的罪犯，由州长决定特赦。特赦与大赦〔amnesty〕均为免除罪犯的刑罚，但二者的性质和实施的目的有所不同。特赦宽容罪犯的罪责；大赦免除其处罚。特赦通常是对反对国家统治权的政治犯，给予赦免更有利于公共利益；大赦则为宽恕破坏社会秩序的一般犯罪。大赦通常遍及某类乃至各类犯罪；特赦则是赦免个别人所犯的特定罪行。(→amnesty; board of pardons; clemency; commutation; condonation; parole; reprieve)